The Lesser Evil:

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Ep22. 一廂情願的環保撚?

之前有一集《不如我哋唔好再自欺欺人》,係我睇過一篇New Yorker嘅文章,然後講自己嘅感想。嗰一集嘅迴響都唔錯,而且有一位聽眾(好奇怪哈哈講到自己好似好多聽眾咁)朋友話好鍾意咁樣嘅方式,引起佢嘅興趣去睇原文。今次我想分享我最近睇過一篇令我拍案叫絕嘅文章!真係講中晒我嘅心聲,好希望同大家分享。

今次分享嘅係The Atlantic嘅Ideas section,8月31日刊出嘅《All that performative environmentalism adds up》,作者Annie Lowrey【1】。Performative environmentalism呢一個字唔算多人講,成個Google search都係得175K search results。Performative comes from perform,意思係「表現、表演」。通常我理解一個字嘅時候,我最常做嘅就係將呢個字打入去google個search bar,然後等佢個drop down menu彈出來,我就會睇到佢嘅相關字眼。之後我就會去google trend搵呢個字嘅「使用趨勢」,大概可以估到佢喺文化上嘅意義。如果我打「performative」,得出嘅相關字眼係performative activism, performative allyship, performative wokeness。Google trend顯示呢一個字喺五六月嘅時候突然非常多人用,咁啱就係George Floyd(5月25號)嘅事件之後。而佢嘅相關主題係Racism、BLM、Virtue Signalling、performative activism等等,咁我大概估到佢嘅興起,應該係BLM movement嘅時候,用嚟指責好多人都只係口講話BLM,但係冇做過任何實質行動。之後就有人用performative呢個字嚟形容某一啲人嘅環保行為,只係流於表面,根本起唔到實質影響。

呢一篇文章嘅題目就係話,就算環保嘅行為只係performative/流於表面,但係呢一點一滴都會集腋成裘。其實佢本身個題目應該冇咁勁,你睇返佢條link佢原本個title應該係《Your Totebag can make a difference》--嘩改一改個標題即刻醒神晒哈哈!!個標題改得好嘅係,佢間接承認咗自己做嘅嘢係「performative」,係流於表面嘅,但係亦都平反話其實就算幾微細都唔代表冇用。

文章嘅開頭,作者解釋自從自己搬咗去加州之後,睇見加州不斷嘅火災,同埋美國各地嘅旱災、熱浪、龍捲風,令佢意識到呢啲係全球氣候暖化、氣候崩潰嘅效果。當佢知道政府乜嘢都唔做(btw Trump嘅環境政策非常差,呢個亦都係好多知識份子、環保份子寧願支持Biden嘅原因),令佢更加下定決心要保護環境。於是佢開始將環保融入生活,例如停止購物、減少搭飛機、搭公共交通工具或者行路、少啲開冷氣,甚至開始自己帶自己嘅水樽。

聽到呢度,我諗大家都估到好多批評都會係話,個人嘅改變同真正制度上、政策上嘅改變根本冇得比。作者都有質疑過:

Could it be that my decision to go green is pointless, or even harmful? “Performative environmentalism” is more about personal virtue than saving the planet, says the writer s.e. smith in a searing essay, and puts the focus on the micro and futile rather than the macro and important. Polluters have convinced us that it is consumers’ fault, argues the activist George Monbiot, who also argues that we cannot buy our way out of a crisis caused by untrammeled consumption. Neoliberalism has wrested the responsibility for environmental action from the C-suite and the statehouse to the individual home, says the journalist Martin Lukacs. No less an authority than Michael Mann, the renowned climatologist, has made a version of this same argument, as have many, many other thinkers.

「究竟我想環保啲嘅決定係咪毫無意義,甚至係有害嘅呢?有一個說法係話:表面式嘅環保其實只係表達個人道德價值嘅表演,令人將注意力放喺一啲乜用都冇嘅小事上,唔係真係改變到世界。另外一個說法指出,污染地球嘅始作俑者想說服我哋話呢一切都係消費者嘅錯,但係消費者其實係唔可以透過消費去解決一個因為過量消費而產生嘅危機。亦有人話:自由市場將責任由政府同公司轉嫁去市民身上。」佢提到一份報告,話世上35%嘅溫室氣體都係來自20間公司。而我哋都好清楚政治嘅角力同政府政策到非常重要。咁其實我哋係咪真係做緊一啲冇用嘅嘢呢?

其實同樣嘅問題,由我幾年前開始下定決心要環保啲、推廣有意識生活嘅時候已經諗過無數次。好多時候我同自己講,做咁多嘢,其實值唔值呢?根本個結果好細,改到一個人兩個人,然後呢?一個屈尾十你同我搞個明日大嶼咁都抵消晒啦。唔知大家有冇睇過喺Netflix上面Bill Gates嘅documentary呢?我曾經同一個朋友討論過其中關於核能發電嘅一集。佢話:「其實個人嘅力量真係好細,只有發展新科技先可以change at scale。」呢句說話留咗係我心入面好耐。如果係咁嘅話,我一直以來做嘅嘢真係垃圾到唔垃圾,對於政策上嘅改變我真係無從入手。

但係有一日我同另外一個好朋友傾計,傾倒佢盤生意究竟係B2C定係B2B,佢突然爆出咗一句:「其實公司後面都係人嚟嘅姐。」突然之間我個腦叮咗一聲!諗返起Bill Gates嘅documentary入面第一集第7分鐘,裡面提到佢同Melinda喺一個朝頭早睇到記者Nicholas Kristoff嘅一篇報道,裡面講到喺落後國家,有好多小朋友因為一啲完全可以避免嘅原因而死,specifically喺報導入面講嘅係水源唔乾淨,引致小朋友肚瀉而死。佢哋當時做緊嘅Foundation大致上都係捐贈電腦俾落後國家,好似無乜成效。但係呢一篇文章令佢哋改變咗大方向,向global health發展,亦都開始咗其中一個project:重新設計廁所排污以改善食水安全。你有留意嘅話佢之前咪飲過一杯由排泄物唔知點樣過濾而得出嘅一杯水嘅。。。就係因為一篇報道。Btw,呢篇文章嘅作者就係New York Times Op-Ed 專欄作者、得過兩次新聞界最高榮譽獎項之一「普立茲獎」。其中一次就係1990年因為報道天安門事件而得到普立茲獎。

我喺度諗,我唔否定制度上改變嘅效果,但係我亦都唔能夠否定機構後面都係一個個有血有肉嘅獨立個體。就算你唔係Bill Gates、我唔係Elon Musk,所做嘅嘢係咪就係冇用?或者我哋好多時嘅bottleneck就係,思想上嘅改變唔能夠量化,所以令我哋好快否定個人嘅諗法同埋行為上嘅改變。作者其中一句:「Each individual may not matter. But individuals collectively matter, and consumer culture matters. Shifting mores and norms would help curb emissions, and would make drastic political action more likely.」每一個獨立嘅個體做嘅嘢唔一定有用,但係獨立個體collectively一齊所引申嘅消費文化有用。改變社會常態甚至可以改變政治決定(當然咁係基於一個民主社會bye)。

作者引用行為科學嘅研究(好多篇研究全部都有link),比喻群體生活嘅人類其實似小學雞多過亞里士多德,人做我哋就做,例如美嘅概念、幾時/應唔應該生仔、應唔應該紋身、應唔應該飲多杯酒等等,都唔係一個人獨立嘅道德決定,好多時都係因為身邊嘅人、文化所致。而政策唔一定係由上而下,亦都可以由下而上。就例如喺1980年代,動物權益嘅支持者開始令到大眾注意到究竟我哋點樣虐待動物,而家皮草買賣喺好多地方都係犯法嘅。設立一啲法例或者政策,如果係講緊一啲我哋已經做緊嘅嘢,係會容易過叫我哋去改變一啲我哋而家仲未做緊嘅嘢。換言之,其實制定法例或者政策,究竟係第一步定係最後一步?

另外一句得意嘅係:「Getting people to act better on the climate might get them to think better on the climate too.」我哋成日都認為,一個人有環保嘅諗法,所以佢先會有環保嘅行為,但作者引用研究,指出要人做一啲環保嘅行為,可能會鼓勵人嗰個人更加環保。

其實咁樣唔係代表我哋只係需要做好自己嘅本分,就已經夠。呢篇文章相信個人、群體嘅改變係有用,佢亦都完全相信制度上同埋結構上嘅改變先至係最有效嘅。但我哋唔可以因為後者而完全否定前者嘅影響力。如果講返我之前嗰一集《不如我哋唔好再自欺欺人》嘅文章,作者覺得,無論我哋做啲乜嘢或者制度上面改變啲乜嘢都係唔能夠改變全球氣候暖化嘅事實,而我哋應該要將重心放喺點樣建構一個更公平、更加完善嘅制度去保護世界上嘅弱勢社群。我喺度諗,究竟呢兩篇文章有冇相矛盾嘅地方呢?如果我要將兩篇文章轉化成為我自己嘅觀點,我會覺得我哋應該繼續做好自己嘅本分,亦都要不停影響身邊嘅人,希望令到群體改變,亦都希望能夠遇到一個好似Bill Gates一樣嘅amplifier。但係我哋都要知道,it's a long battle,長遠落去,我哋亦都要令未來嘅社會令變得更加公平、公義。

最後,我都好推薦大家去睇吓Bill Gates嘅documentary。縱使有好多評論都話其實佢只係一個生意人,喺呢度就不作討論。入邊有一句說話我覺得好有意思,我唔逐字逐句講啦,大意:Emotions are just retail, if you want to solve a problem, you need to think wholesale, something that scales. 情感嘅影響只係令到一個idea更加容易入口,但如果你想改變解決一個問題,你就要諗點樣可以有系統咁樣改變。當然啦佢講嘅嘢好似同我嘅觀點完全相反咁樣,但係我想大家留意嘅,就係導演問佢一句:「喂咁你好似唔係好inspiring喎」佢啲答案:「Well, it's not my goal to be inspiring. I am not doing things to be inspiring.」「咁你為咗啲乜?」「Optimization。」呢個亦都係點解我堅持要做呢一個Podcast、YouTube、Instagram上面講自己嘅諗法嘅原因。我自己一個人諗乜其實微不足道,所以靠一啲platform,將自己嘅諗法話到比最多嘅人聽。亦都係我點解呢大半年放棄咗YouTube嘅原因。因為我覺得我用嘅力同我可以reach到嘅人不成正比。不過我嚟緊都會有一個重用口罩嘅用後感嘅video,去慶祝我個Channel將有1000個subscribers,希望大家唔嫌棄嘅話多多支持。

所以,如果大家都想為建構一個更加美好嘅世界出一分力,就算你只係做咗一件嘅環保小事,記得記得要盡量將你嘅諗法喺唔同嘅渠道講出黎,感染更加多嘅人,我相信點樣都會有用嘅。

References:

  1. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/08/your-tote-bag-can-make-difference/615817/